Development and Mitigation Considerations Avoid cutting old-growth examples and encourage selective logging in areas that are under active forestry. 1992, Augustine & French 1998, Knight 2003) and management efforts should strive to ensure that regenerating trees and shrubs are not so heavily browsed that they cannot replace overstory trees. Deer have been shown to have negative effects on forest understories (Miller et al. Develop a plan to eliminate or control beech bark disease. Management should focus on activities that help maintain regeneration of the species associated with this community. Conservation Strategies and Management Practices Beech leaf disease can kill beech trees of all ages though younger trees appear to die more quickly (NYS DEC). mcannii is responsible for beech leaf disease and is believed to be non-native in North America (Carta et al. The foliar nematode Litylenchus crenatae ssp. It has since spread throughout western, central, and southern NY (NYS DEC). The disease was first observed in New York in 2018 in Chautauqua County and was found in Suffolk and Nassau counties in 2019 (NYS DEC). This disease is common across New York State (NYS DEC) 2) Beech Leaf Disease was first discovered in 2012 from northeastern Ohio (Ewing et al. The disease results when bark, attacked and altered by the beech scale ( Cryptococcus fagisuga), is invaded and killed by fungi, primarily Nectria coccinea var. American beech ( Fagus grandifolia) trees in this community are threatened by the following diseases: 1) Beech Bark Disease causes significant mortality and defect in American beech. Additionally, fragmented forests provide decreased benefits to neighboring societies from services these societies often substantially depend on (e.g., clean water, mitigation of floods and droughts, pollination in agricultural fields, and pest control) (Daily et al. These activities, such as road building and other development, restrict the movement of species and seeds throughout the entire forest, an effect that often results in loss of those species that require larger blocks of habitat (e.g., black bear, bobcat, certain bird species). When occurring in expansive forests, the largest threat to the integrity of beech-maple mesic forests are activities that fragment the forest into smaller pieces. Other threats may include over-browsing by deer, and air pollution (e.g., ozone and acidic deposition). Threats to forests in general include changes in land use (e.g., clearing for development), forest fragmentation (e.g., roads), and invasive species (e.g., insects, diseases, and plants). The number and acreage of beech-maple mesic forests in New York have probably declined substantially from historical numbers likely correlated with past logging, agiculture, and other development. The number and acreage of beech-maple mesic forests in New York have declined moderately in recent decades as a result of logging, agriculture, and other development. The current trend of this community is probably declining due to moderate and imminent threats related to beech bark disease and development pressure. This community has statewide distribution and includes several very large, high quality, old-growth examples. Some documented occurrences have good viability and many are protected on public land or private conservation land. There are several hundred to a few thousand occurrences statewide. Although witch hazel is not as popular as it was in the 1900s, it is still used to prevent infection from cuts, soothe insect bites and sunburn, relieve pain and swelling, reduce acne, tone skin, and as an aftershave. It was used by native peoples for thousands of years and later by American settlers. American witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) is a common shrub found in beech-maple mesic forests.

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